Cascade-Generated ORM Code Causes LazyInitializationException

1. Cascade set FetchType.LAZY on relationships without using @Transactional properly
2. DTO mapping happens outside transaction scope, trying to access lazy collections
3. Cascade removed @Transactional from service methods that need it
4. ViewExpander pattern not applied to eager load required relationships

Wrap data access in @Transactional methods to keep session open. Use FetchType.EAGER for frequently accessed relationships. Implement custom fetch strategies with JPQL or HQL join fetch. Consider using DTOs with specific fetch patterns instead of loading entire entities.