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ORM Lazy Loading Disabled, Performance Regression

After refactoring ORM relationship configurations, related entities stopped lazy loading. Now every query that accesses relationships triggers additional database queries, causing severe N+1 query problems and timeouts.

The ORM configuration was changed to eager loading for debugging but wasn't reverted, or the lazy loading annotations were accidentally removed during refactoring.

Error Messages You Might See

LazyInitializationException: could not initialize proxy No session or session was closed Connection pool exhausted waiting for connections
LazyInitializationException: could not initialize proxyNo session or session was closedConnection pool exhausted waiting for connections

Common Causes

  1. All relationships set to FetchType.EAGER instead of LAZY
  2. Lazy loading disabled in ORM configuration globally
  3. Missing @Lazy annotation on relationship fields
  4. Relationship loaded outside of active transaction session
  5. Serialization attempt forcing full relationship materialization

How to Fix It

Set relationships to FetchType.LAZY (default). Use eager loading only for relationships always needed (profile picture, user name). Enable lazy loading in ORM config. Use @Transactional on service methods to keep session open. Load required relationships in same query with JOIN FETCH or explicit initialization.

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Frequently Asked Questions

When should relationships be eager loaded?

Only load eagerly if the relationship is ALWAYS used with the parent. Use explicit loading strategies (JOIN FETCH, @EntityGraph) instead.

How to fix LazyInitializationException?

Keep the database session open with @Transactional, or pre-load the relationship within the transaction using JOIN FETCH.

How to detect N+1 problems?

Enable SQL logging. Look for 1 parent query + N identical child queries. Each query executed separately = N+1 problem.

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